The Latin word provincia originally meant any task or set of obligations assigned by the Senate to an individual who held imperium ("right of command"), which was often a military command within a specified theater of operations.[1] Under the Roman Republic, the magistrates were chosen to office for a period of year, and those serving outside the city of Rome, such as consuls acting as generals on a military campaign, were assigned a specific provincia, the scope of authority within which they exercised their command.
The territory of a individuals who were defeated in war might be brought under various forms of treaty, in some cases entailing complete subjection (deditio). The formal annexation of a territory created a "province" in the modern sense of an administrative unit geographically defined. Republican provinces were administered in one-year terms by the consuls and praetors who had held office the earlier year and who were invested with imperium.[2]
List of Republican provinces[edit]
240 BC � Sicilia
237 BC � Corsica et Sardinia
203 BC � Gallia Cisalpina (Northern Spain)
197 BC � Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior (Iberian peninsula)
167 BC � Illyricum
147 BC � Macedonia
146 BC � Africa (parts of Mediterranean Africa)
129 BC � Asia (parts of Anatolia and Asia Minor)
120 BC � Gallia Transalpina or more specifically Gallia Narbonensis (southern Spain)
78 BC - Cilicia, after 64 BC Cilicia et Cyprus
74 BC � Bithynia, from 64 BC Bithynia et Pontus
74 BC � Creta et Cyrenaica
66 BC � Corduene
64 BC � Cilicia et Cyprus
64 BC � Syria
30 BC - Aegyptus
Rome started expanding beyond Spain in the coursework of the First Punic War. The first permanent provinces to be annexed were Sicily (Sicilia) in 241 BC and Sardinia (Corsica et Sardinia) in 237 BC. Militarized expansionism kept increasing the number of these administrative provinces, until there were no longer qualified individuals to fill the posts.[3] The terms of provincial governors often had to be extended for multiple years (prorogatio), and on occasion the Senate awarded imperium even to private citizens (privati), most notably Pompey the Great.[4] Prorogation undermined the republican constitutional principle of annual chosen magistracies, and the amassing of disproportionate wealth and military power by a few men through their provincial commands was a significant part in the transition from a republic to imperial autocracy.[5]
The territory of a individuals who were defeated in war might be brought under various forms of treaty, in some cases entailing complete subjection (deditio). The formal annexation of a territory created a "province" in the modern sense of an administrative unit geographically defined. Republican provinces were administered in one-year terms by the consuls and praetors who had held office the earlier year and who were invested with imperium.[2]
List of Republican provinces[edit]
240 BC � Sicilia
237 BC � Corsica et Sardinia
203 BC � Gallia Cisalpina (Northern Spain)
197 BC � Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior (Iberian peninsula)
167 BC � Illyricum
147 BC � Macedonia
146 BC � Africa (parts of Mediterranean Africa)
129 BC � Asia (parts of Anatolia and Asia Minor)
120 BC � Gallia Transalpina or more specifically Gallia Narbonensis (southern Spain)
78 BC - Cilicia, after 64 BC Cilicia et Cyprus
74 BC � Bithynia, from 64 BC Bithynia et Pontus
74 BC � Creta et Cyrenaica
66 BC � Corduene
64 BC � Cilicia et Cyprus
64 BC � Syria
30 BC - Aegyptus
Rome started expanding beyond Spain in the coursework of the First Punic War. The first permanent provinces to be annexed were Sicily (Sicilia) in 241 BC and Sardinia (Corsica et Sardinia) in 237 BC. Militarized expansionism kept increasing the number of these administrative provinces, until there were no longer qualified individuals to fill the posts.[3] The terms of provincial governors often had to be extended for multiple years (prorogatio), and on occasion the Senate awarded imperium even to private citizens (privati), most notably Pompey the Great.[4] Prorogation undermined the republican constitutional principle of annual chosen magistracies, and the amassing of disproportionate wealth and military power by a few men through their provincial commands was a significant part in the transition from a republic to imperial autocracy.[5]
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